Oral Hygiene (OHI-S) and DMFT Status among Type 1 Diabetic Adolescents Aged 12-19 Years: A Case-Control Study

INTRODUCTION: Diabetes in any form (type 1 or type 2) has the potential to affect the oral health of an individual. AIM: To assess the oral hygiene status (simplified) and DMFT among adolescents aged 12-19 years with type 1 diabetes (cases) in Jammu District, Jammu and Kashmir (J&K), India MATERIALS AND METHOD: A total of 50 patients aged 12-19 years with type 1 diabetes mellitus, screened via medical history from  August 2017 to August 2018 were enrolled in the study. The control group consisted of 51 healthy adolescents matched for age and gender selected randomly. The DMFT index was used to record the Decayed, Missing, Filled teeth, while the OHI-S Index was used to assess the Oral Hygiene Status. The examinations were done under artificial light and  data was analyzed using SPSS version  19.0. The t-test, Odd’s Ratio (OR) and multiple regression were used to analyze the data.  RESULTS: Of a total of 101 participants(50 cases and 51 controls) enrolled in the study, cases reported higher values of OHI-S and DMFT  as compared to controls. The cases had an OHI-S score of 3.12±3.2 indicating poor oral hygiene, the controls’ score of 2.54±1.1 revealed fair oral hygiene and no significant statistical differences were found (OR=2.1). A significant difference (p=0.03) was seen upon comparison of DMFT among cases (4.67±6.6) and controls (3.82±2.9). The cases were 1.7 (OR) times more likely to have higher DMF values as compared to controls CONCLUSION: Efforts must be reinforced among adolescents emphasizing the importance of oral health, through more frequent dental education camps in Jammu district, J&K, Indi

Aesthetic Ignorance: The Prevalence of Traumatized Anterior Teeth among Adolescents in Ghaziabad District, Uttar Pradesh, India

INTRODUCTION: Trauma to the anterior teeth, which having various harmful sequelae, also can damage one’s self-esteem and confidence.AIM: To document the prevalence of traumatized anterior teeth among adolescents in Ghaziabad District, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaMATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients aged between 12-19 years were screened for traumatic injuries to their anterior teeth were selected as study subjects and their type of fracture was recorded according to the standard questionnaire from Oral Health Survey WHO format 2013. Apart from Descriptive statistics, the t-test and Odd’s Ratio (OR) was calculated for statistical analysis.RESULTS: The prevalence of trauma was found out to be 16.10 % while most anterior trauma was seen in adolescents aged 18-19 (105) years, followed by 12-15 years (101) and 16-17 Years (87). The highest fracture was enamel only and males were more affected than females. The maximum trauma was attributed to Accidents (103,37.2%) followed by fall (94, 32.1%) and this was statistically significantCONCLUSION: There is a need for patient education in Ghaziabad District to treat their fractures, lest it leads to further dental complication, apart for being aesthetically unpleasant

A Case Report of Carcinoma ex Pleomorphic Adenoma

Carcinoma ex-pleomorphic nonmalignant tumour (Ca ex PA, CXPA) is a rare, aggressive, poorly understood malignancy of the exocrine gland. The clinical findings typical of this neoplasm embrace history of a slow growing, ulcerated, painless mass that enlarges speedily.  The current definition of Ca ex PA became widely accepted in the second half of the twentieth century. It is uncommon, having a prevalence rate of 5.6 cases per 100,000 malignant neoplasms and a yearly incidence rate of 0.17 tumours per 1 million persons in the world. The cancer is found predominantly in the sixth to eighth decades of life and is slight female predilection.&nbsp

Histomorphological study of vesiculobullous lesions of skin: a study of 66 cases at tertiary care center

Background: Wide variety of pathological processes can lead to development of vesiculobullous eruptions over the body. They may occur in many dermatoses which include various inflammatory, infective, autoimmune, drug induced as well as genetic conditions. Each entity of vesiculobullous lesion has similar or confusing clinical features but different histopathological morphology outcome. However, these disorders are still associated with substantial morbidity, considerable mortality and impaired quality of life. Histopathological examination is helpful in definitive diagnosis of vesiculobullous disorder which is very essential for specific treatment and an appropriate desirable outcome. Aim was to study and classify various vesiculobullous lesions of the skin. Methods: It was a hospital based prospective and retrospective study conducted for a period from January 2016 to July 2019 in the department of pathology at Government medical college, Surat, Gujarat. Total of 66 patients, aged 3-70 years with vesiculobullous lesions of both sexes attending the department of dermatology were selected and analysed clinically. The specimens were routinely processed and hematoxylin and eosin stained slides were studied. Results: In the present study, majority of patients presented between 41-50 years of age (32%) with male to female ratio of 1.08:1. Pemphigus vulgaris constituted the most common vesiculobullous disorder (30.30%) followed by pemphigus foliaceous (24.24%) followed by bullous pemphigoid (15.05%). Bullae were located intra epidermally in (36%+24.78%) and sub epidermally in 24% of the patients. Conclusions: Thorough histopathological workup and clinical correlation is essential to confirm diagnosis of vesiculobullous lesions of skin

Role of immunohistochemistry in the differential diagnosis of malignant small round cell tumor: a study of 38 cases

Background: : Immunohistochemistry play a very important role in modern surgical pathology especially for identification of tumors lacking the evidence of lineage differentiation on the basis of routine Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stain alone. More than 90% of the tumor with diagnostic difficulties by routine H & E stain could be very well classified by using IHC. The aim of present study is to classify and identify MSRCT.Methods: The study was carried out in Department of Pathology, Government Medical College in a period from August 2008 to November 2011. Total 38 cases of MSRCT are selected for Immunohistochemical staining (IHC) and they are classified and categorized accordingly after IHC.Results: Out of 38 cases of  MSRCT, there are 18 cases (47.36%) of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 3 (7.89%) cases of Neuroblastoma,  3 (7.89%) cases of Synovial Sarcoma, 2 (5.26%) cases of Ewing Sarcoma, 2 (5.26%) cases of Undifferentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma,  2 (5.26%) case of Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor, 1 (2.63%) case of  Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor, 1 (2.63%) case of Amelanotic Melanoma (Small cell variant), 1 (2.63%)  case of  Anaplastic Dysgerminoma, 1 (2.63%)  case of Osteosarcoma, 1 (2.63 %) case of Wilm's tumor, 1 (2.63%)  case of  Dendritic cell Tumor Testis, 1 (2.63%) case of Undifferentiated Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, 1 (2.63%) case of  Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma.Conclusions: IHC is very valuable tool for adequate and accurate categorization of MSRCT.

Pattern of histopathological lesions in lung autopsy

Background: A large number of pathologic conditions involve the lung parenchyma like inflammatory, neoplastic and others. The lungs are also involved in almost all terminal events of cardiovascular disease. Autopsy is an important and most useful way to find out the condition of internal organs and to evaluate any localized lesions or systemic disease and hence determine cause of death. Aims and objectives of study are to identify the histopathological spectrum of lung disease. To find out frequency of various lung pathologies in respect to age and sex.Methods: This study was retrospective and done on 649 cases of medico legal autopsies. The tissue specimens were fixed and processed. Routine paraffin sectioning was done followed by Hematoxylene and eosin (H and E) staining. Special stains were done whenever required. Relevant clinical and postmortem findings, gross and microscopic examination findings were recorded.Results: After thorough histopathological examinations, of total 649 cases, various pulmonary lesions were identified in 348(53.6%) cases while in 301(46.4%) cases no significant pathology was seen. Most commonly affected age group was 30-49 years 43.1% followed by age group of >60years 17.8%. Majority of diseased were male 285 (81.9%). Most common lung pathology found was Edema and congestion in 93 cases (26.72%), chronic venous congestion in 92 cases (26.44%) pneumonia in 65 cases (18.68%) followed by Tuberculosis/Tuberculous pneumonia in 29 cases (8.3%).Conclusions: In our population, the present study reveals that infectious disease are still the most common cause of mortality, despite recent advances in diagnostic technology, the autopsy has remained an important complementary tool for identifying and understanding pathology of disease.

Evaluation of peripheral lymphadenopathy by fine needle aspiration cytology: a one year study at tertiary centre

Background: Lymphadenopathy is common presenting features in various non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is simple, quick, inexpensive and minimally invasive technique that can be used as an outpatient procedure to diagnose them. The present study was undertaken to assess the various causes of lymphadenopathy through FNAC, and to see the distribution of lesions with respect to age and gender. To assess the diagnostic accuracy of lymph node fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology in various non-neoplastic and neoplastic conditions.Methods: Total 555 cases of the lymph node FNAC were studied from January 2014 to December 2014 in Cytopathology department of Government Medical College, Surat .The cytomorphologic features seen in the aspirates were analyzed and correlated with their etiology.Results: In this study 555 cases of cervical lymphadenopathy were analysed. The age of the patients ranged from 5 months to 90 years of which 60.2% were males and 39.8% were females. Maximum numbers of cases 147(26.4%) were in the age group of 21- 30 years. The most common lesion encountered was tuberculous lymphadenitis 44.8% followed by metastatic tumors 31.3%, reactive lymph node 16.7%, acute lymphadenitis 5.4% and lymphoma 1.8%. Male showed predominance of metastatic carcinoma and lymphoma while chronic reactive hyperplasia and tuberculous lymphadenitis were equally distributed in both male & female.Conclusions: FNAC is safe, rapid and cost effective method in establishing the diagnosis in large number of cases of lymphadenopathy. It can differentiate a neoplastic from a non-neoplastic process and therefore influence patient management preventing patient from being subjected to unnecessary surgery

Study of cervical pap smears in a tertiary care hospital of south Gujarat, India

Background: In India cervical cancer is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Cancer of cervix is preventable, and can be diagnosed at the pre-malignant/pre-invasive stage with adequate and repetitive cytological screening by Papanicolaou (Pap) smears.  Methods: The prospective study includes total 1425 patients who were presented with various gynecological problems. Samples were taken and prepared smear were stained with PAP stain. Reporting was carried out by two independent cytopathologist as per Bethesda system.Results: Total 1425 patients were screened; there were 1034 (72.56%) abnormal Pap smears, with 354 (24.84%) normal cases and 37 (2.59%) unsatisfactory or inadequate samples. Total 27 (1.89%) cases showed epithelial cell abnormalities. ASCUS was the most commonly found (40.74%) epithelial cell abnormality out of 27 cases.Conclusions: Incidence of invasive cervical malignancy can be prevented if Pap screening program is effectively implemented in target population

Erdheim-Chester disease with multisystemic involvement: a diagnostic challenge

Erdheim–Chester disease (ECD) is a rare, non-inherited, non- Langerhans form of histiocytosis of unknown origin, first described in 1930. This entity is defined by a mononuclear infiltrate consisting of lipid laden, foamy histiocytes that stain positively for CD68. Individuals affected by this disease are typically adults between their 4th and 6th decades of life. The multi systemic form of ECD is associated with significant morbidity, which may arise due to histiocytic infiltration of critical organ systems. Among the more common sites of involvement are the skeleton, central nervous system, cardiovascular system, lungs, kidneys (retroperitoneum) and skin. The most common presenting symptom of ECD is bone pain. Bilateral symmetric increased tracer uptake on 99mTc bone scintigraphy affecting the periarticular regions of the long bones is highly suggestive of ECD. However, definite diagnosis of ECD is established only once CD68(+), CD1a(−) histiocytes are identified within a biopsy specimen with aid of clinical and radiological data. Here we present a rare case of Erdheim-Chester disease in a 46 year male patient based on clinical data, radiological data, histopathological and immunohistochemistry findings

Diagnostic accuracy of fine needle aspiration cytology in soft tissue tumors: our institutional experience

Background: Diagnosis of Soft tissue tumors by FNAC (Fine needle aspiration cytology) is one of the diagnostic modality of choice in pathological evaluation of soft tissue neoplasms especially to differentiate from the non-neoplastic soft tissue lesions. It is challenging and controversial. Very few centers rely on simple FNAC for diagnosis which is largely due to a lack of experience, familiarity, confidence and tricky cytological features.Methods:We have studied 140 cases of soft-tissue tumors by simple FNAC procedure done by cytopathologist from 01/01/2012 to 31/12/2012. After considering thorough history, clinical, radiology and other findings all cases were reported by the experienced faculty in cytopathology section of our institute.Results:Out of total 140 cases of soft tissue tumors 131 (93.58%) were benign and 9 (6.42%) were malignant. In benign category maximum numbers were lipoma 105 cases (80.15%) followed by benign neural tumors 5 cases (3.82%), ganglion 4 cases (3.05%), benign fibrohistiocytic lesions 2 cases (1.53%) and others. Conclusions: Current study demonstrates that FNAC is valuable as a primary tool in diagnosing soft tissue tumors specifically benign lesions like lipomatous tumors, high grade malignant sarcoma and recurrent lesions. Findings are well supported by histopathological correlation